Mesothelioma is a rare cancer that affects the membrane that covers the organs within the body. This membrane, called the mesothelium, is a double layer of cells that contains serous fluid that allows the layers to freely slide. This property allows the organs of the body to move independently of each other. The mesothelium has specific names depending on its location within the body. For example, in the abdominal cavity, the inner layer that is attached to the organs is the visceral peritoneum, whereas the outer layer that is attached to the abdominal wall is the parietal peritoneum.
Asbestos Exposure and Mesothelioma Risk
Approximately 2,000 to 3,000 new cases of mesothelioma are reported each year in the United States. The National Cancer Institute reports that 70 to 80 percent of mesothelioma cases have had previous exposure to asbestos, which can cause other types of cancer such as lung, renal, and laryngeal. Most of these cases are people who have worked with asbestos, although their family members are also at an increased risk of developing mesothelioma. Asbestos exposure may not cause mesothelioma symptoms for up to 50 years after asbestos exposure.
Signs and Symptoms
Those with mesothelioma may experience chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. A chest x-ray might show a pleural effusion, an accumulation of fluid within the mesothelium surrounding the lungs. This mesothelium is called the pleura. Fluid may also accumulate in the abdomen within the peritoneum causing abdominal pain and swelling which can lead to a large belly over a short period of time. Fever, weight loss, and anemia are also common. Some mesothelioma cases are discovered when a pleural effusion is an incidental finding on a chest x-ray in patients with no symptoms.
Diagnosis
Chest x-ray often indicates pleural effusion. Computed tomography (CT) is helpful in locating cancerous tumors and possible metastases, which is the spread of cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) may also be helpful imaging tests. Tumor biopsy is the most reliable method of diagnosing mesothelioma. Lab tests may show a decrease in leukocytes, a type of white blood cell, and a decrease in red blood cells.
Mesothelioma Treatment
Mesothelioma is most often fatal with the average survival being less than one year. There are not many treatment options for mesothelioma. Chemotherapy and radiation are used with the intention of shrinking the cancerous tumors. Surgery may be performed to remove affected tissues. Thoracentesis is performed to remove excess fluid from the chest, and paracentesis is performed to remove excess fluid from the abdomen. Thoracentesis and paracentesis can alleviate some pain and allow for easier breathing.
Resource
 |
